“What High School Is” and “Learning to Read”

Khuong Q Tran Professor Frauenholz English 100, Section NC03 October 15, 2009 â€Å"What High School Is† by Theodore Sizer and â€Å"Learning to Read† by Malcolm X Learning has an important role in human being society. By learning a person can gain more knowledge and understanding in order to contribute to the development of society. Learning can be performed in various ways. Specifically, there are two completely different types of learning that produce strength and weakness based on general educational experience. Mark, a Franklin high school student, is described in â€Å"What High School Is† by Theodore Sizer.On the other hand, Malcolm X, who was convicted of robbery in 1946, came out of jail with the knowledge of Black history and the great questionable of Elijah Muhammad, who was the leader of the Nation of Islam (1935-1975). By analyzing the weakness and strength of the education of Mark and Malcolm, the educational experience of Malcolm is ascribed better , and it inspires those who really seek the benefit of learning. Mark, sixteen years old and a genial grader, has both strength and weakness in his educational experience. First, he has better opportunity for well-rounded education. As a high school junior, Mark has to study various subjects.His obligation is to follow different classes such as English class, typing class, biology class, French class, history class and mathematics class. The approximate time spent for each class is around forty to fifty minutes. Moreover, Mark receives specific guidance and particular structure in every class in which he attends. For instance, Ms. Viola, the English teacher, has her students in turn take parts and read out loud (Sizer 20). In addition to the strong points, Mark has a chance to partake in social study group at his school. For example, at Biology class, Mr. Robbins, the teacher, requires his students to form a circle of three or so n order to study the specimen and to take notes about it (Sizer 22). However, there is also weakness in Mark’s educational experience. He mostly encounters a daily external distraction of walking from class to class. Therefore, his education is less profound effect since he has to do other things instead of focusing on studying. Constantly, he has little desire to learn and has no specific goal. As an illustration, Mark feels frustrated, uncomfortable and scared that he won’t be able to complete his letter (Sizer 21), and that â€Å"Tomorrow, and virtually every other tomorrow, will be the same for Mark† (Sizer 24).In contrast, Malcolm, who was imprisoned for seven years in Charlestown Prison, had totally different strengths in his education. One of the strengths was that Malcolm had a great desire to learn new knowledge. In Charlestown prison, he started his desire of learning from a feeling envy of stock of knowledge of Bimbi (X 78). Moreover, Malcolm kept book-reading motions even though he â€Å"really ended up with little idea of what the book said† (X 78). Then he began copying into his tablet all words printed on the dictionary’s pages in order to understand books (X 78-79).In addition to the strong points, Malcolm had few distractions during the time he studied in prison. The only distraction was from the night guards. At night (from 10pm to 4am), while Malcolm was reading and learning in the dim glow of a light, he often had to jump into his bed and feign sleep whenever he heard the approaching footsteps of the night guards (X 80). Therefore, studying had a profound effect on him because he spent almost fifteen hours studying without distraction. Malcolm’s education, known as homemade education, is a better form of educational experience.He had specific goal for his reading and learning although he spent seven years in prison. His goal was to serve the black man in term of Black and White separatism in the 1950’s in United States. His meaningful goal led to great reading and learning of certain subjects, such as Black history, Genetics, slavery, Chinese world history and philosophy. Constantly, he says, â€Å"You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I’m not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man (X 85). Moreover, Malcolm’s education is really an educational experience.Unlike Mark’s education, Malcolm had to begin his fundamental education by learning the vocabulary. Henceforth, he daily spent numerous hours on reading books to gain knowledge and understanding. He himself did that spectacular job without any specific guidance, except for his curiosity only. He said, â€Å"I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity-because you can hardly mention anything I’m not curious about† (X 85). On the other hand, reading for the sake of knowledge was a significant way to help Malcolm feel a sense of freedom in spite of being in prison.Tru ly, the more he read, the freer he felt. He concludes that â€Å"I don’t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did. In fact, prison enabled me to study far more intensely than I would have if my life had gone differently and I had attended some college. † (X 85) In short, Mark represents students’ learning style. Meanwhile, Malcolm represents prisoners’ learning style. In fact, both Mark and Malcolm have strength and weakness in their educational experiences. Therefore, the best learning way is to eliminate the weakness and to develop strength in personal skill and talent.A specific goal and a long-term purpose are successful keys of learning. Likewise, there is argument about studying unless it is applied to the contribution of the society. Sizer, Theodore. â€Å"What High School Is. † Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, 3rd ed. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedf ord – St. Martin, 1995. 20-29. X, Malcolm. â€Å"Learning to Read† Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, 3rd ed. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford – St. Martin, 1995. 78-85.

Ricardo’s Theory of Distribution

Ricardo’s contribution in his theory of distribution Ricardo sought to show how changes in distribution affect production and contended that as the economy grows, rent rises which leads to low profits and deters economic growth. Ricardo's theory of distribution has been briefly enunciated as follows: â€Å"(1) The demand for food determines the margin of cultivation; (2) this margin determines rent; Ricardo defined rent as â€Å"payment for the original and indestructible powers of the soil†.He identified rent as the margin of cultivation (i. e. When more land was taken to cultivation), but rent also arises because of diminishing returns of the land of the same quality (i. e. on the intensive margin). (3) the amount necessary to maintain the labourer determines wages; Increased agricultural production leads to higher money wages but the same real wages. Ricardo assumed, via the population principle, that ‘wage rates would be at subsistence levels in the long run. On the other hand, higher nominal wage rates and increasing aggregate rents place a two-way squeeze on profits. Although under competition profits are the same for all firms in a given industry, the inevitable tendency of profits is to decline as output increases. Eventually a minimum profit is reached at which additional capital accumulation and new investment ceases. (4) the difference between the amount produced by a given quantity of labour at the margin and the wages of that labour determines profit. Ricardo recognized that there is no measure of value, since any measure chosen varies with fluctuations in wages and profit rates. Moreover, he feels that the rising of rents will push profits down until there is no more profit, which probably might be the end of capitalism in his opinion. These theorems are too absolutely stated, and require much modification to adapt them to real life.

Japanese Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Japanese Economy - Essay Example Its major undoing is the slow reaction to external events due to the fact that players in this system are in part protected from factors emanating form external markets. (Moffatt, 2011) It is of ample importance to revisit the definition of what the system of Keiretsu comprised before tackling it further. Keiretsu was that system adopted by Japanese firms where they would have transactions between or among them in the long-run. One of the major firms that took up this system is those in the automobile industry besides others like the banking industry and insurance sector. In this line, it is quite notable that the major information that is exchanged among the concerned firms involves broadly technology and this is especially in the subcontracting of tasks. Mostly, parent companies have the knowledge about the production capacities of the subcontracting firms, the financial conditions, employee’s skills, corporate cultures among other things. On the other hand, subcontracting f irms are bestowed with the knowledge of their parent firm’s requirements in terms of production plans of the future, and technological needs, among others. This knowledge that has been shared between the two groups of firms is made easy by the exchange that is witnessed whenever they are giving each other consummatory kind of information by way of relations that have been set for long-run by the parent firms and subcontracting firms. Keiretsu, therefore, is a major example of social exchange based on relations. Social exchange has been merited for its transaction costs’ reduction. Opportunistic behavior is also discouraged by the long-term relations, which are dependent on shared knowledge amongst these firms. These long-term relations that are social exchange based to a high extent reduce the costs of transactions in consideration to technology, where the technology meme is divided more effectively in the parent-subcontracting firms’ relationship. Vertical inte gration is, particularly noted to be the main way transaction costs are reduced. Therefore, in the Keiretsu system any given transaction is preferred to display a vertical kind of integration and the benefits to the parent company are a must so that the independent subcontractors are allowed to enjoy their freedom as independent entities. The vertical integration type of approach means that the meme of the parent company absorbs that of the subcontracting company’s in terms of at least the management style or the corporate culture. If it happens that the meme of the subcontractor has proven beneficial to the parent company, then the parent company will pick the keiretsu as opposed to vertical type of integration. (Yamamura, 1997 p253) According to Tabeta and Rahman, in 1996, Keiretsu is to huge extent efficient and besides this it aids in environmental adaptability of the companies of Japan. The structure of a Keiretsu group reduces the costs relating to transactions as well as enhancing coordination between the suppliers and automakers. It was founded from the 1984’s discussions by Aoki as well as Asanuma’s and their studies were focused on the economics of transaction cost outlays in the system of subcontracting in the automobile industry. (Tabeta and Rahman, 1996) In the period towards the late 1980s, the economy of Japan enjoyed a Keiretsu contribution to the economy of around 17% in terms of total sale revenues as well as

Product Development of LOreal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Development of LOreal - Assignment Example L'Oreal is involved in consumer-driven products especially the cosmetic products which are considered to be the neat business. Irrespective of the nature of the business, the company is committed towards its moral and ethical responsibilities. The objective of the company is to represent itself as "global citizen". The company has pursued reforms and plans to achieve sustainable development; the company was recognized as the top 100 sustainable companies in an international survey by Innovest and Corporate Knights. The company has received several acclamations; it has been listed among the leading ethical companies and is committed towards sustainable investment indices. The company has evaluated its business opportunities and has mitigated the economic risks and challenges of governance. L'Oreal took the major initiative by committing itself towards corporate social responsibility; the company is the signatory of the French Union of Advertisers' Charter (Sustainable Development Repo rt, 2007). The company has launched the L'Oreal Corporate Foundation; this foundation has taken significant initiatives for the promotion of education and healthcare. The foundation was launched with an initial budget of '40 million for a period of five years. The company has been a signatory of Bali Communiqu'; and has therefore undertaken measures towards carbon-dioxide emission reduction and water conservation (Sustainable Development Report, 2007). The precise introduction in actual interprets the product development strategy of the company. The cosmetic industry is regarded as a challenging market with several local and foreign brands; therefore the brand is always in a tough position to achieve market shares in countries where people with conservative approach survive. L'Oreal has realized that through international label it will never achieve market shares, rather for securing shares in distinct cultural society the company has to initially personify traditional approach. The initiatives undertaken by the company in the social, educational and healthcare sector is an attempt to seek acceptance among the distinct. The packaging of the cosmetic product is another crucial area to ensure and achieve product development. The packaging of the cosmetic products as per customer-specific requirements has influenced the product development strategy of the company. The core of the product development scheme is to achieve customer satis faction, and in special cases, it has been to direct the customer towards certain revelations for the improvement of living standards. The company has taken initiatives to ensure that manufacturing of the products includes environmental friendly items, and the recyclable items have been given ample focus. The major drift towards the environmental aspects by the company has been with the intent to secure acceptance among masses. The new and refined version of product development has brought laurels and success for the company. Â  

Marketing your self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing your self - Essay Example exam accorded me with what entails a â€Å"30-second commercial† hence raising my focus and attention to such commercial since they may hold the key to a great job opportunity. The â€Å"riffle approach† to marketing online as defined in the exam is important in ensuring a precise and effective online presentation where potential employers could trace me. The exam also acquainted me with the facts that there are less jobs advertisements. This helps me to adapt other avenues of seeking for a job and the knowledge that jobs are there even though they do not feature in adverts. The knowledge of having multiple, effective and visible resumes online is quite crucial because it helps me create a platform to market myself for a job online. However, the fact that not all resumes get attention encourages me to remain consistent and persistent on my job submissions. Nevertheless, the exam cautioned me against taking a resume to a network meeting as it lowers ones credibility. The information on networking will help me to share information and contacts on job opportunities with others where 65%-85% of jobs come through networking. The exam informed me on the importance of academic projects and internships in job interviews. The examination informed on how to treat job requirements before attending an interview. This is significant as it sets th e minimum qualifications for any job. In conclusion, the exam prepares me to market myself, job searching, attending an interview, and negotiating a job offer (Alobaidali

Analysis of story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of story - Essay Example Thomas is strangely aware that Victor’s friendship would last only until the ashes of his father are brought back but he had made a promise to Victor’s father and intended to keep it. Thomas had been a dreamer always and recalls an incident, where he was awaiting a vision near a desolate waterfall, and Victor’s father had dutifully advised him, brought him back and also bought him dinner. Considering that Thomas was an orphan, this gesture was a highlight in his loveless life. Thus, the promise made to Victor’s father was far more important than his ego. The trip brings up the past with colorful imagery of two young boys who had experienced life and grew up together but also grew apart due to peer pressure and a society that shunned souls such as Thomas. The tone of the story is extremely melancholic in nature. On one hand you have the death of a man and the sadness that comes with it, while on the other hand we have a character that is always lost in his dreams, narrating stories, feeling the breeze on his face and then also trying to fly, adding a touch of comic drama to the story. Even the name of this character ‘Thomas Builds-the Fire’ is comic in nature showing the subtle humor that the author so craftily manages to weave into the narrative. The story is interrupted at one point during the firework celebration stating that â€Å"Years later, they would need much more.† (Alexie)This shows the underlying satirical humor and comic relief in sudden spurts, almost sarcastically threaded into the story. Therefore according to Freytag’s pyramid, we have the Exposition, which is the loss of his job and the death of Victor’s father, the Rising Action wherein Victor plans to make the trip, leading to him befriending his childhood friend Thomas once again but only for a selfish motive. This leads to the climax,

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example If I were to create a code of conduct I would include ethical consideration such as honesty, professionalism, and cooperation. These three traits are essential in any negotiation process. I believe that in theory gender is not suppose to play any type of role in a negotiation process. The fact that the people involved are of different gender is not suppose to matter at all. Of course cultural relativism must be considered when dealing in international negotiations. For example when dealing with parties from countries such as many middle east countries were women do not have the same privileges as men it would not be wise for an American company to send a team of women to negotiate with a group of Arab businessmen who would be bias and would not respect the women. I do not think one gender is better than another, but it is reality that men have had more experience than women over the years due to the injustices of the past which implies that there are more men with the skills and abilities necessaries to succeed at the negotiating

Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative Dispute Resolution - Essay Example onal societies and currently planning to step into the professional world, I can greatly benefit from the lessons that this article has shed light upon in the following ways: 1) Conflicts in project groups are part of the package. Since I am usually assigned the role of a co-coordinator in the group, there is a tendency to select 3-4 best responses to work upon. When reading the book, my mind immediately went back to the instances when I did not make an effort to listen to the rest of the people attentively. This made them quiet and they became less responsive altogether, hampering group cohesion. By being open to listening to each one and consciously trying to fish the positives, not only will the group become active and productive but there are also chances of merging the original ideas with the suggestions of the rest to make it look like a team effort. 2) I have always thought that the best way to get a negative idea across is to start off with the good idea and making the use of the word ‘but’ to add the negative reality to it and make it sound less threatening. The suggestion regarding the use of ‘and’ instead of ‘but’ to make it sound even less offensive seems like a principle I can work upon and successfully benefit from in various aspects of my [personal and professional life. 3) As a part of the Red Crescent charity organization, my job as a volunteer involves asking people to donate and attend the charity ball. My approach previously was limited to getting right on the point and moving on when no given a positive response. If I act upon the proposed, make the others feel like a part of promoted cause. When the approach is of telling them about the cause and the changes it makes with the help of donations I am likely to win more people over. 4) Stepping into the professional world, I am hesitant regarding fitting in and anxious about how the colleagues will react to me. Following simple steps like smiling, starting off friendly and

Meta-analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Meta-analysis - Essay Example 1 The purpose of this study was to identify and synthesize published research on the effectiveness of EMLA cream in reducing VE and IV insertion pain. A meta-analytic approach was used to answer the following questions: 1. What is the magnitude of the effect of EMLA cream on VE and IV pains 2. Is the effect size of EMLA cream on VE and IV pains moderated by the following variables: study publication date, sample age, sample size, sample health status, anatomical puncture site, duration of application, method of pain measurement and research design (Fetzer,2001).Research question 1 is direct and useful clinical question as it encourage/discourage clinical use of EMLA in VE & IV whereas question 2 tends to encourage/discourage such use via evidence on several other variables important among them being sample size, sample health status, premedication, anatomical puncture site and duration of application. The topic had immediate relevance for nursing profession as both IV &VE are widely practiced nursing techniques. While substantial agreement was achieved on coding of the substantive variables, methodological variables and miscellaneous variables; resolution of disagreements was not elaborated and two raters were not identified. 2 The meta-analysis ... 2 The meta-analysis clearly defined the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting primary studies. The databases used by the reviewers were identified and were appropriate. All of the keywords were identified and were adequate. The reviewers documented the use of adequate supplementary efforts to identify relevant studies, including non-published studies. The Sample 3 The search strategy yielded an adequate sample (number) of studies-19. Though it was not clearly stated if the sample size in each included study was adequate nevertheless there was substantial agreement on 'sample size' methodological variable. The reviewers did not attempt to contact the original researchers for additional information. For instance several studies failed to report test statistics or raw data, in these cases conservative estimates of study outcomes were made from the provided raw data. Rationale for excluded studies was clearly provided. 4 Quality Appraisal 5 A quality index for each study was calculated based on the criteria used by Beck (1995). Reviewers did not indicate that all reviewed primary studies were of high methodological quality though they coded 8 methodological variables and two raters had 97% agreement on coding of such variables.Interrater agreement percentages were reported for all categories of the coded variables but resolution of disagreement(though minor )was not reported. The methodological comparability of the included studies was specified by means of coding 8 methodological variables as above and coding agreement thereupon. As the inclusion criteria was well defined to have comparable clinical situations and since the coding of substantive variables

Religious discrimination in Lebanon Speech or Presentation

Religious discrimination in Lebanon - Speech or Presentation Example However despite the country’s diversity in religious factions, it has not been a beautiful scene in in the country’s development over the years due to discrimination based and biased on religious lines (HRW). The discrimination based on religious factions has been evident in the Lebanese political and social structures of the country. Political landscape carries more weight for wrangles based on the very religious discrimination because every faction wants the bigger piece of the cake of dominance. It can be traced back to the 1860 conflict between Maronites and the Druze to the old Lebanese civil war of 1975-1990 which was as a result of the conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. In the early 19th century around the wake of World War II Lebanese political structure was designed in a way it recognized a historic agreement amongst the Lebanese leaders that political goodwill will be divided according to positions in the governmental structure in agreed fair proportions for the Christians and Muslims (Khalaf 2013, p.43). This particular political concept in the mid-1970s appeared to be losing ground resulting to â€Å"hell breaks loose† a civil war that was seen to be a sort of competition for power between the majority Muslims and the minority ruling Christians. Before the old Lebanese civil war that was in every way a struggle between the Sunni Islam and the Christians was a Druze and Maronite (Christians) conflict (Khalaf 2013, p.65). The conflict happened in the mid 18nth century in the north of Mount Lebanon area entailing the rebellion of Christians Maronites peasants against the Druze lords that spread to the south and as a result more than 20,000 Christians were killed, 370 Christian villages destroyed and a large number of churches destroyed (Sisk 2011, p.109). Maronite peasants were against the heavy taxes and feudal practices

The Use of Scientific Games in Teaching Science Essay Example for Free

The Use of Scientific Games in Teaching Science Essay The study of science is essential. Science is the study of the world around us. Everything around us concerns science. Without it, it is impossible to get into medicine, engineering, architecture and other fields requiring technical expertise. Every sector recognizes an increasing contribution of the discipline to the progress of the modern world as well as its traditional standing as an element of humanistic and scientific education. Its importance as the key subject is common knowledge. Science has been recognized as a patent means of sharpening our competitive edge. Thus, science holds a dominating place in the curriculum. As mandated in the Philippine Constitution, it is the duty of the schools to develop scientific and technology efficiency among the pupils and the students. Thus, it is necessary to evolve a strong science program in all levels. So, the teaching of science should be effectively earned out so as to satisfy the National Development Goals. Science is a multifaceted subject, limitless in extent and depth, vital for science and technology, and rich in the cultural import. It offers a lot of challenges to an individual. In school, however, some students find the subject dull and difficult. More so, science in general, is even considered by many as uninteresting or boring subject if not difficult or not applicable into their daily lives. The performance of the pupils depends largely on quality of the teaching competencies of their teacher. A competent teacher learns to build effective learning situation and to select teaching methods/strategies to guarantee maximum retention and application of the earning that are achieved. According to Wikipedia, strategy refers to all techniques by which the teachers structure the learning environment so that the students are led to discover what they are supposed to discover. Teachers use a wide variety of techniques to elicit information from the students. In view of this, the teacher must determine effective strategies that would suit to the interest, abilities and needs of the students. The researcher believes that the games could be an effective strategy in teaching science in elementary schools. Statement of the Problem The study aims to find out the effectiveness of using games in teaching selected topics in Science to Grade VI pupils of Matanao Central Elementary School for the incoming School Year 2012-2013. Moreover, it seeks to answer the following research questions: 1.) Is there a significant difference on the pre-test scores of the control group and the experimental group? 2.) Is there a significant difference on the post-test scores of the control group and the experimental group? 3.) Is there a difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of pupils in both control and experimental group? Hypotheses Null Hypothesis 1.) There is no significant difference on the pre-test scores of the control group and the experimental group. 2.) There is no significant difference on the post-test scores of the control group and the experimental group. 3.) There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of pupils in both control and experimental group. Alternative Hypothesis 1.) There is a significant difference on the pre-test scores of the control group and the experimental group. 2.) There is a significant difference on the post-test scores of the control group and the experimental group. 3.) There is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of pupils in both control and experimental group. Significance of the Study This study would like to help elementary grade pupils to develop better understanding of the abstract concepts and ideas in science as they prepare for higher learning in science. The findings of this study may likewise motivate and challenge science teachers in their determination to help majority of the grade VI pupils who experience learning block in science primarily due to less effective in teaching science concepts, with the use of various learning strategies, students may develop a deeper understanding of the concepts and process to science that will consequently lead to higher achievement. Lastly for educators, the useful and relevant information acquired from this study may provide insights on how they can promote higher academic achievement using effective strategy in teaching abstract concepts and ideas in science. Moreover, this study would like to help them achieve their long sought goal of development of effective understanding of the science processes and concepts. Limitations of the Study This research will be limited and will be conducted only at Matanao Central Elementary School for the incoming School Year 2012-2013. The respondents of the study will be the Grade VI pilot class. The instrument which is going to be used will be an achievement test which will serve both as a pre-test and a post-test. This will be used to classify the pupils’ performance and learning outcomes. Different scientific games will be used to motivate and arouse the interests and attention of each pupil. The class will be divided into two groups, namely, the control group and the experimental group. The experimental group will be subjected to scientific games used as motivation in teaching science, while the control group will be exposed to the traditional method. Broadly speaking, the social scientific approach has concerned itself with the question of â€Å"What do games do to students?†. Using tools and methods such as surveys and controlled laboratory experiments, researchers have investigated both the positive and negative impact that using games in teaching could have on students learning. Among the possible effects of game play, perhaps the one most commonly raised by media and general public has to do with violence in games. What are the possible effects that playing videogames, in particular those that feature aggressive or violent elements might have on children and youth? Social learning theory (Bandura,1986) suggests that playing aggressive videogames would stimulate aggressive behaviour in players in particular because the player is an active participant (as opposed to passive observer as the case of aggression in film and television). On the other hand, catharsis theory ( Feshback and Singer, 1971) implies that playing aggressive videogames would have the opposite effect by channelling latent aggression resulting in positive effects on players. Numerous reviews of existing literature have been written and there is not a clear picture of the effects of playing violent videogames might have (Griffiths, 1999; Sherry, 2001). As for positive effects, educators and learning scientists sed as motivation have also debated how to leverage the motivation students had for playing games as well as exploring th e medium of videogames for educational and pedagogical purposes. Malone explored the intrinsically motivating qualities that games have and how they might be useful in designing educational games (Malone, 1980; Malone 1981) while Kafai utilized the design of games by schoolchildren as the context for them to learn computer programming concepts and mathematics (Kafai, 1995; Kafai 1996). Similarly, Squire has explored the use of commercial games as means for engaging disenfranchised students in school (Squire,2005). In addition to their motivational factors, Gee and Shaffer have argued that certain qualities present in the medium of videogames provide valuable opportunities for learning (Gee, 2003; Shaffer, 2006). In her book, Life on the Screen, Sherry Turkle explored how people that participated in online multiplayer games such as MUDs used their experiences with the game to explore personal issues of identity (Turkle, 1995). In her book Play Between Worlds, T.L. Taylor recounts her experiences playing the massively multiplayer online game Everquest. In doing so, she seek to understand â€Å"the nuanced border relationship that exists between MMOG players and the worlds they inhabit† (Taylor, 2006). Swiss educator Johannes Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) agree with the view that a school should be adapted in an atmosphere of general permissive where physical experience, play activities and nature study walk should be part of the learning experiences against the dullness deadening memorization and recitation. German educator and philosopher, Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) also a naturalist, believes that the teacher must become an active instructor instead a taskmaster and hearer of active recitations. He introduced the school for early childhood education, the kindergarten or child garden that emphasized games, play, songs and crafts. He urged teachers to look back of their childhood days that could help them understand the needs of the child. Other significant studies that relate the games to improved achievement is in the hand of biology (Bleitan, 1989) and in Genetics concepts (Garcia, 1993). Nueva Espana et al (1990) stated that our country depends on Science and Technology. A great number of its problem can be solved by developing its greatest resource: people. Our people must develop skills in Science and Technology. Sufficiency in scientific and technological expertise is a characteristic of countries that have become progressive and rich no matter how small they are. Our country still has a long, long way to become self-sustaining. Knowledge of Science and the efficient use of its principle can help a lot toward making our society self-sufficient in turn making us masters of our own science and technology and not servants of society. (Philippine Graphics, May 19, 1997 p.8). Senator Ernesto Maceda made alarming news about the results of our students performance in mathematics and science competence in the elementary, high school and even college levels that the Philippines is in the bottom ranked 37 out of 39 countries in Asia. He said that we have to respond to the t ruth which tells us with greater sense of urgency to help our students in several dimensions of the educational process: retraining our teachers, lengthening classroom work, improving classroom facilities, reviewing the textbooks now in use and supplementing the resources available in our school libraries. Allan C. Ornstein (Strategies for Effective Teaching, New York: Harper-Collins publishers 1990 p.213) said that â€Å"to understand why and how to use instructional objectives result should be obtained in more effective teaching and testing. The use of instructional objectives helps the teachers focus on what students know at the end of the lesson. Likewise, it helps students know what is expected of them. On the international scene, a number of educational research projects have investigated science teachers’ classroom practices. One of the established projects is the large scale National: The Survey of science and Mathematics Education, conducted in the USA over a number of years to gauge the status of science and mathematics education in the USA. Reports from these studies written by Weiss (1987, 1988, 1994), Weiss, Banilower, McMahon, Kelly Smith (2001) and Weiss, Pasley, Smith, Banilower Heck (2003) have attempted to answer the following questions using data from questionnaires distributed to stratified random samples of teachers from all states in the USA : 1) How well prepared re science and mathematics teachers in terms of both content and pedagogy? 2) What are teachers trying to accomplish in their science and mathematics instruction, and what activities do they use to meet these objectives? 3) To what extent do teachers support reform notions embodied in the National Research Council’s National Education Standards and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ Principles and Standards for School Mathematics ? And 4) What are the barriers to effective and equitable science and mathematics education? It is worth noting that no classroom observations were conducted in these studies and all data sources were based on teachers’ self-reports. Analysis of the trends between 1993 and 2000 in the above studies showed that science teachers’ classroom practices have seen some changes. These changes include the reduction in the amount of time spent on reading about science during class and doing textbook/worksheet problems. Approximately 50% of teachers at all grade levels reported in 2000 that their students completed textbook/worksheet problems in the most recent lesson, representing a small decrease from 1993. Moreover, while there was some increase in the use of hands-on activities at the Grade 1-4 level (from 41% to 50% of classes), the percentage of classes in which hands-on and laboratory activities took place have remained stable and amounted to approximately two thirds of the classes. There does not seem to be a change in the percentage of classes in which computers were used: teachers reported that 10% or fewer science lessons included students using computers in 1993 and 2000. However, many more teachers reported using other instructional technologies such as CD-ROMs in 2000 than in 1993. Another international project that has investigated science and mathematics teachers classroom practices in science and mathematics is the TIMSS 1999 video study, the science result of which were released in 2006 ( Roth, Druker, Garnier, Lemmens, Chen,Kawanaka, Okamoto, Rasmussen, Trubacova, Warvi, Gonzales, Stigler, Gallimore,2006). This study examined patterns of science and mathematics teaching practices in 439 videotapes of eighth grade science lessons in five countries: Australia, the Czech Republic, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States. Results of the study showed that there were variations across the five countries in the organization of science lessons, development of science content for students, and student involvement in doing science. For example, the study results showed that students in Czech Republic were required to master challenging and theoretical science content and that classes were mostly focused on talking about science in whole class settings. In Japan, the focus was on presenting science in conceptually coherent ways while stressing the identification of patterns, making connections among ideas, and the interplay between evidence and ideas in an inquiry-oriented approach to teaching. Australian students were mostly involved in making connections between ideas, evidence, and real-life situations using inquiry approaches to teaching similar to those used in Japan. Students in the Netherlands were held accountable for independent learning of science content with emphasis on homework and independent seatwork. Finally, in the United States, students experienced variety in instructional approaches, organizational structures, content, and activities with less emphasis on developing coherent science ideas and content. The focus of the activities was on engaging and motivating students rather than on developing challenging content knowledge. As evident from the above, there is important research on classroom practices being conducted worldwide; research that has the potential to provide useful recommendations for improving science teaching and learning. In the Philippines, a related study on the use of games as learning in mathematics was conducted by Aragon (1991). She discovered the greater attention of students to the lesson and there is interest where enhanced. She also found the strategy as a very effective motivational learning material that makes recreational and learning objectives easily attainable. Letting the study of grade V, Aragon agreed that the games are useful in assisting the learning process by providing opportunity to see familiar materials in new setting; that makes them excellent motivation tools in acquiring new skills that breaks the classroom routine in a pleasant way, making uninterested students become a part of the chase in permanent learning. Aragon also found that games enables students to appreciate the value of sportsmanship, fair play, how to follow rules, team work, cooperation, respect for authorities and selflessness, sharing of skills for the success of the group. Salandahan G.G. (1985), The Teaching of Science, Quezon City Phoenix Publishing House. Many science educators recognize the positive outcomes of inquiry teaching despite the limited experimental evidence as to its effectiveness in leading children to acquire a deeper understanding of science knowledge, encouraging children to learn by such a method insures the attainment of one of the most s ignificant outcomes of science developing a scientific mind as well as desirable social values. Cognitive Development and Achievement in Science Through Traditional and Inquiry Approaches Of Teaching General Chemistry by Rosalinda T. Agton (1991). Most of the students in today’s colleges and universities have to be exposed to a method of teaching which is best described as exposition, or the formal, or the commonly called traditional method in which the teacher tells the students what they are expected to know. The assumption is made by curriculum planners that if the student are to learn the concepts from the content, they have to rely on printed materials. Traditional procedures in the classroom are those that used to present in a logical sequence, facts, principle, and data needed thoroughly to expose the students to concepts. The other various classroom procedures that could be used in the traditional method are oral explanation sessions, demonstrations, motion picture and film strips, textbooks, supervised studies or boardworks.

Neorealist And Neo Marxist Approaches To Globalisation Politics Essay

Neorealist And Neo Marxist Approaches To Globalisation Politics Essay Globalisation is the process of integration which is international and arises from the mixture of products, ideas, views and some other aspects of culture. Neo Realism and Neo Marxism are the different approaches that have different theories, rules and regulation which can be used by different geological countries to accept the different cultures and the technologies to achieve the globalisation. Neo Realism uses the concept of self-interest and that is the reason it is considered as realistic theory to different aspects while Neo Marxism uses the concepts of Marxism and also incorporates elements from other intellectual traditions like  critical theory,  psychoanalysis  or  Existentialism. Globalization process requires different approaches to be followed to get success in particular field. As all we know globalization requires the consideration of many aspects so that it could be accept globally, so the application and selection of the appropriate theory is much important. Globalization is the main factor these days in the success of any country, company, or organization as the global presence only tells about the popularity or the importance of that thing. There are different theories that can be applied like classical or neo classical realist theory, left critical theory, deconstructionist ethics theory, neo Marxism theory or post structuralism theory etc. The application of these theory can be done of anti globalism or alter globalism. We will here compare the neo realism and neo Marxism approaches that can be applied for globalisation and how they can impact the globalisation and which one is better. The comparison will lead to the understanding of the theories and their importance for the globalization. Neo Realism Approach: Basically Realism is considered as the view that different aspects of internationalization are derived from competitive self-interest. Realism is an international theory basically which is centred upon following four propositions. 1. First proposition considers the that no actor above states is capable which can regulate the interactions and states must get all the relations with other states in the environment at their own instead of control from someone else which means that the international system is anarchic. 2. Second proposition considers the states as most important actors. 3. This proposition considers all states as unitary and rational actors which tend to pursue their self-interest. 4. Last proposition considers that all states concern about the survival mainly. In short we can say that realists believe in the self-centred and competitive humankind. Theorists like Thomas Hobbes consider the human nature to be egocentric and conflictual and exceptional in some special cases. These views are different from the liberalism approach that is used for international relations. Realists consider  Sovereign  states  as the main actors in the international system and they afford special attention to large powers because they mainly impact the international stage (Gene Callahan, (2010) pp 872).  International institutions, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, individuals and other actors like sub-state or trans-state are considered as less influential. Realists believe that all states cant guide their actions by a universal principle. They believe that every state must be aware of different actions of the other states around it and a pragmatic approach should be used in case of any problem. Neo realism is same as classical realism but it focuses on anarchic structure of international system in spite of human nature. It considers that states are main actors due to the non existence of any political monopoly above sovereign. Main attention is given to the forces which are above or below the states using levels of analysis or  structure-agency debate while state will be the main actors. This theory considers international system as a  structure  which acts on the state and individuals as they are below the level of the state who acts as  agency  on the state. Neo realism differs in the emphasis which it places on the permanence of conflict in spite of being affected from English School. It says that states should be constantly prepared for conflict using economic and military build-up so that state security can be ensured. Some of the prominent neo realists are Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz  (Structural realism), Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, Stephen Walt(Defe nsive realism), John Mearsheimer(Offensive realism), Robert Gilpin(Hegemonic theory). The main focus of the realist approach to international politics is on the importance of power to establish relations between states. Realists believe in self-help they consider that states should rely on themselves to provide order and to resolve the issues. States should be capable enough to handle the situations and should not depend for any particular power. Criticism: There are different criticisms for the neo realistic theory like it has the problem of Indeterminacy, federalism and democratic peace. These all can be summarized as follows: Problem of Indeterminacy: Though the theory is very rigorous but still there are some fundamental drawbacks which present problems in generating different hypotheses and testing theory. The theory is very indeterminate because it focuses on different effects of the structure of international system on the behaviour of states and on international outcomes (Marianne Wikgren, (2005) pp 19). It says that structures have their effects indeterminately and indirectly. These all can also be found in balance of power theory also. Democratic peace: The theory of realism does not apply to the democratic states relations with each other because some studies found that such type of states dont go for war. However, Realists and proponents of other schools have critiqued both this claim and the studies which appear to support it, claiming that its definitions of war and democracy must be tweaked in order to achieve the desired result. Federalism: Federalism comes from a theory which divides the final authority between different sub-units and a centre. In such type of cases, sovereignty is constitutionally split between at least two territorial levels and results in final authority at each level which can act independently of the others in some area. This gives the citizens the right to have political obligations to two authorities. The allocation of authority between the sub-unit and centre may vary. Typically the centre has powers to shape different policies like defence and foreign policy, but at the same time different sub-units may also have international roles. The sub-units are also allowed to participate in central decision-making process. Neo Marxism Approach: Neo-Marxism  is used for different twentieth-century approaches which append or include  Marxism  and  Marxist theory and incorporates different important elements from other intellectual traditions like critical theory,  psychoanalysis  or  Existentialism. One good example of syncretism in neo Marxist theory is the contradictory of class location theory from Erik Olin Wright which incorporates  critical criminology, Weberian  sociology   and  anarchism.  Neo Marxists have tried to supplement the deficiencies which were perceived in orthodox Marxism (Alf Walle, (2001) pp 805) or dialectical materialism and that is the reason why many theorists and groups has designated the use of prefix neo. Most of the prominent neo-Marxists like Herbert Marcuse  and other members of the  Frankfurt School were sociologists and psychologists. New left considers neo Marxism under its broader framework. In a  sociological  aspect, neo-Marxism is basically the addition of Max Webers broader understanding of  social inequality like status  and  power to  Marxist philosophy. Critical theory, French structural Marxism and analytical Marxism are different strains of neo-Marxism Neo Marxism came in the existence to explain those questions which were unexplained in Karl Marxs works. There are many different branches of Neo-Marxism which are usually not in agreement with each other and their defined theories. There are basically two theories of neo Marxism, which are as follows: Neo-marxist theories of development: Dependency and world system theories are connected to come up with the Neo-Marxist approach to development economics. In this approach exploitation is considered as external exploitation which was used to be considered as internal exploitation in orthodox Marxism. Neo-marxian economics: This approach stresses on the monopolistic capitalism in spite of competitive nature of capitalism. Kalecki  andBaran  and  Sweezy are associated with this approach. Neo-Marxism is the application of Marxist ideas to the global economic conditions which currently exists and considered as a school of economic thought. It was very common during the 1960s and 1970s as many neo-Marxist scholars showed that how capitalist policies can hinder the development and can increase the inequality between the Global North and South. So, neo-Marxists produced different modern world system and dependency theories in form of clear illustrations to show how neo-liberal capitalism has brought increased inequality to the global economy. Criticism: Basically Neo Marxism was a relaxation of the economic determinism and positivism of classical Marxist theories. Its main focus was more on the society rather than on the system alone. It incorporated other sociological views which were developed after Marx so that a more holistic view of social class structures and dynamics can be provided and the target was to focus more on society. Different criticisms for the neo Marxism theory are as follows: It has more concentration on economic relationship which is like going over to the limit as it considers the economic relationship as most important factor. This theory is considered as economically deterministic due to the more emphasis on the economic relationship and it has ignored the other relationship like family, education. Friendship, religious etc which also give shape and determines the success. As it has concentrated on the economic relationships and conflicts, it has overlooked the conflicts that can rise in other forms (non-economic) also. This theory has either overlooked on these factors or has a slight description like it argues that the male-female conflicts are not simply economic rather they are patriarchal. It has under-emphasized the subjective interpretations of individuals when looking at the way in which people see and act in the social world (Thomas M. Jeannot, (1994) pp 91). A persons subjective interpretation of their class, for example, might be quite different to their objective class position. Many forms of Neo-Marxism have been criticised (usually by other Marxists) as being little more than a left-wing variety of Functionalism (Left Functionalism as Jock Young has termed it). In place of society existing for the benefit of all, Young argues that many Marxists simply substitute the idea that society exists for benefit of a ruling class). Some forms of Neo-Marxism resemble little more than a giant conspiracy theory, whereby a Capitalist Ruling Class are able to manipulate other classes in society for their own ends / benefits. Critics like Sir Karl Popper have claimed that Marxism is unscientific in its methodology. In particular, he argues that Marxism is not a theory that can be tested and possibly falsified, mainly because it sees the replacement of Capitalism by Communism as historically inevitable. In this respect, Popper classifies Marxism as a faith. The Marxist perspective lends itself to always examining social relationships in terms of their conflictual basis (just as the Functionalist perspective tends to look at those same relationships in terms of their consensual basis). This emphasis might be misplaced. Conclusion: As per the above discussion, both approaches have different implications for the globalization and have aim to satisfy the need of the states and regions for their success. On the one side neo realist theory tries to aim at individual on the other side neo Marxist theory tries to aim at the economies. Realist theory considers each individual responsible for their own tasks while neo Marxist theory talks in terms of economic stability and other factors (Kavous Ardalan, (2009) pp 525). The globalisation is the process which requires the integration of ideas, views and other factors that can help to get a better international system in the place. So while choosing the best theory for the globalisation, it is important to consider that the theory which is required should be more realistic and should focus on the growth and responsibility of all as a whole, not as an individual. So, neo realism is the theory which is realistic while neo Marxism is the theory which considers the economy as a whole. So I think a mixture of both can be better to be adopted for globalization process. But most preferable should be neo realism theory as it aims at the development of all and the responsibility of all individual state so that they can be economically strong at their own and can give rise to a good competition in the world scenario while keeping in the mind about the international relations.

Chemistry Report on Explosives

Chemistry Report on Explosives Chemistry Report on Explosives What is meant byoxidation and show how oxidation reactions are used to cause explosions. Oxidation is the term used for the combinationof a substance with oxygen, or in general any reaction where an atom ormolecule loses electrons. This can be shown as: C(s) + O2 (g)CO (g) S=solid, g=gas Gunpowderor black powder is the oldest explosive we know. It is made up of a mixture ofpotassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre or KNO3), charcoal, andsulfur in different proportions. When gunpowder is manufactured today, it ismade with the ratios 7.5:1.5:1 by mass (2). Bothgunpowder and dynamite have within them substances which are readily availableto oxidation. The oxygen which is used for the oxidation is an intrinsic partof the mixture, and is held within them in the same manner that oxygen isstored in the chemical potassium chlorate. Whengunpowder is ignited, this oxidation is extremely rapid, and a large volume ofgas is produced. The gasses are under extreme pressure, which causesthem to expand rapidly. Heat is produced causing the gas particles toaccelerate, creating even more pressure. If the gas expands faster than thespeed of sound, this creates a shockwave. The pressure produced by the gassesis what causes parts of the bomb (shrapnel) to be propelled far and wide atvery high speeds(1). Thespeed at which something oxidises is dependant on its potential to interactwith oxygen. The greater number of unstable electrons that a molecule or atomhas to lose, the quicker it will be oxidised (3). b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Give an account of thedevelopment of chemical compounds for use in explosives. Describe theadvantages of each new chemical explosive over its predecessors, and describehow the explosives were adapted to make them safer and more effective. (9marks) It is thought that the firstexplosive discovered was black powder, originating in 10th Century China. Itwas used for ceremonial fireworks. In Europe, 1242 saw the formula for blackpowder being published by Roger Bacon. The refinement of the substance closelyfollowed after the gun was invented by Berthold Schwartz in 1300. Around thistime, black powder was being used for removal of rocks, the teqnique was knownas fire setting, but this was replaced with blasting at the beginning of the17th Century. There are records of blasting in America from 1773 (4). The production of black powderwas rapidly increased during the American Revolution. By the turn of thecentury, the commercial production of the explosive had grown from 25 millionto 100 million (2). In 1846, Nitroglycerin wasdiscovered by Ascanio Sobrero. Nitroglycerin plasticizes collodion which is aform of nitrocellulose to form blasting gelatin. This is a very powerfulexplosive. The discovery of this action led to the advancement of ballistite, thefirst double-base propellant and a precursor of cordite. Alfred Nobel built a factory toproduce it in 1861 in Sweden. An advantage of nitroglycerin was its massiveexplosive power, but it was very difficult to transport as it is a liquid,which used black powder to ignite it. It could also freeze and had toxic fumeswhich caused severe headaches (5). In 1867, Nobel accidentallyinvented Dynamite and he went on to patent his mixture. It was a greatdiscovery, being more powerful than black powder, with a higher detonationvelocity which made it much more effective breaking rock as it not only moved,but broke apart the rock Ammonium nitrate was initially synthesizedin 1659 by J. R. Glauber by blending ammonium carbonate and nitric acid. It wasmostly used for fertilizer and blasting and to replace a portion ofnitroglycerin in dynamite (1). Dupont introduced Nitramon in1935. This was seen as a breakthrough. They had safe handling, were inexpensiveand did not cause health problems. It was known as ANFO (AmmoniumNitrate Fuel Oil) when it was developed in 1955. During its production itcaused a large Texas City explosion. It was easy to load and transport andcheaper than dynamite, it is not a Class A explosive until mixed, but itsaction could be decreased by water. Over 2.2 billion pounds of it were producedin 1974. Water gels were developed from researchto solve the water problem with ammonium nitrate products (early 1940s). Themarket was small though as most applications needed a small product and therewas no economical sensitizer was not available. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss, with reference to highand low explosives, the ideal features of an explosive reaction, explaining,with examples, how chemical reactions produce energy and how they causeincrease in pressure. (6 marks) There are three categories of explosives: high explosives,primary explosives and low explosives. Gunpowder is a low explosive so thereaction occurs slowly. Expanding gasses are used to propel, not destroy, suchas bullet propulsion from a gun (3). In high explosives, destruction is caused by the expandinggasses, and the extreme pressure causes a shockwave, if the gas expands morequickly than the speed of sound. The shockwave contributes to the demolitionpower of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Primary explosives are intended to explode not burn. Theyare used for fuses and blasting caps to initiate an explosion. Shockwaves are acrucial factor in explosions. It is a wave formed from a zone of enormously highpressure in a fluid, including the atmosphere that travels faster than the speedof sound. It moves from the point of the explosion carrying energy and has a severedamaging effect on solid objects it bounces off (5). In the chemical reaction of the explosion, compounds are brokendown to form various gases. The original chemical compounds (reactants) have muchenergy stored up as chemical bonds between atoms.When molecules break apart, the products (gases) may use some of this energy toform new bonds. Most leftover energy takes the form of extremeheat. d) Describehow UK methods of manufacture of propanone have changed since the beginning ofthe First World War. (3 marks) Propanone isalso known as Acetone, 2-propanone, methyl ketone and dimethyl ketone. It hasthe chemical formula: (CH3)2C=O. Prior to theFirst World War, it was manufactured by hydration of propene from crackedgases. This was revolutionized during WW1 when the chemist Chaim Weizmann showed that propanone could beproduced by the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, this was acontinuation of the studies originally performed by Louis Pasteur showingfermentation was promoted by microbes in the 19th century (2). e) Discuss how attitudes to health and safety in chemicalresearch and industrial chemistry have changed over time. Use examples from thehistory of the development and manufacture of explosives and medicines.(4marks) In modern times, we have a numberof health and safety legislations which govern the manufacturing and use ofexplosives for their various purposes. One example is the 1996 USA Departmentof Commerce directive on the manufacturing of fireworks and explosives (6).There are now very tight regulations ensuring that everyone working in thesector is protected as far as possible. It is also accepted that the companiesinvolved have responsibility to protect their workers from harm and mustprovide safety equipment (3). Historically there have been huge numbers of accidentsduring explosive production. At one gunpowder mill in the early 19thcentury, situated in Roslin, Scotland, explosions killed two men shortly afterthe mill opened in 1805 and three more were killed by 1815. Many more followed.Deaths caused during the manufacturing process would have numbered greatly asthis was just from one of the thousands of mills worldwide during a shortperiod. Old attitudes focused on worker responsibility, were nowresponsibility should be shouldered by the company also. Conclusion Explosions are due to combustionwhich involves the use of the oxidation process. Depending on how available thesubstance is to interact with oxygen will depend on how quickly it is oxidised.The more quickly it is oxidised, the more quickly the gases will expand and themore devastating the explosion will be. References Chang, Raymond, General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts 4th Edition 2004 Kotz, John C., Paul M. Treichel, and Gabriela Weaver Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 6th Edition 2003 Spencer, James N., George M. Bodner and Lyman H. Rickard Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics 3rd Edition 1999 Infelta, Pierre Introductory Thermodynamics 1st Edition 2005 Smith, E. Brian Basic Chemical Thermodynamics 5thEdition 2004 USA Department Commerce, 009, Manufacture of Fireworks June 2002

The Truth of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Truth of Huck Finn Throughout the classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain continuously and loosely uses the word "nigger." In the society of the year 2002 that word has become one of the most evil and hated in the English language. It is thought of as so bad that it is rarely even spoken, as people prefer to be politically correct and say "n-word" in it's place. The use of this word has caused the book to be banned and censored by many schools across the country, as people want to shield children from the supposed racism of the novel. It was found to be the fifth most challenged book of the 1990's. This word is definitely terrible and has no place in the current society, but it is important to examine Twain's motive behind the inclusion of this word in the story. The book should not be dismissed as cruel and racist before all of the facts are examined. Before forming a wrong opinion, the evolution of the word and the reasons behind it's use in the novel should be exami ned. After learning all of the facts, the use of the word in the book shouldn't be looked as evil, but as a reminder of how far society has come. This novel was written in a time very different from today. It was first published in 1884 and is set some years before in the early 1800's. At this time slavery was common practice in the southern part of the United States. People grew up believing there was nothing wrong with it. People in this time spoke almost identically to the language presented in the book, including referring to African-Americans as "niggers." Twain explains the dialects he was trying to present before the story even begins. In an explanatory he says he was using "the extremist form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect" and "the ordinary Pike County dialect." Both of these types of speech would have included this word. Twain did not use this word to be derogatory toward black people but for the story to remain authentic. The appearance of the word in this book should be looked at as a reminder of a bad time in history.

Traditions in A Moment Before the Gun Went Off and The Lottery :: Shirley Jackson Lottery

In the stories "A Moment before The Gun Went Off" and "The Lottery," there is the situation in which a group of people cling to traditions very blindly. In both stories the traditions are so dug into the people's way of life that questioning them is considered sacrilege within these communities. Furthermore, the members of the community no longer even remember why the traditions were set up in the fist place. They follow the traditions simply because their predecessors followed the traditions. Another similarity between the communities in both stories is, even though these traditions are firmly entrenched in these communities, they are rapidly losing there grip in other communities. This detail is not only mentioned in both stories, but looked down upon by communities that still follow the traditions. In the story "The Lottery," the tradition is to hold a lottery on a specific summer day, but instead of winning a cash prize or some other good thing, the winner gets to be stoned to death by the members of the community. The character that is mentioned most in this story is one by the name of Mrs. Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson is a devoted mother and housewife. She is the one who eventually gets singled out to win the lottery. So it is Mrs. Hutchinson who is impacted the most brutally by the lottery. However the other people of the village are affected differently by the lottery. It is very unlikely that the people of the village kill people for the sake of killing people. More likely there is a deeper reason. One possibility is that the people of this village of this village are looking for a scapegoat. A person to take the blame for mistakes and sins of others, so one person dies for a community and saves the community from whatever sins that had been committed. The society can be affected in many ways by the lottery. Other neighbor societies have been affected by the lottery, many have abandoned the tradition of the lottery. Even in the community where the story takes place many of the rituals that go along with the lottery are fading into the past to be forgotten forever. An example of this would be the chant that originally went with the

How does Dickens present his views on education in hard times? :: Free Essay Writer

How does Dickens present his views on education in hard times? Hard times is set in the 1840’s in the North of England. It’s set at a time when Britain is changing dramatically because of the Industrial Revolution, which is mainly affecting this part of Britain. This revolution moved much of the work from the country into towns and cities, and small cramped villages were built around the factories and mills to house the workers. Dickens novel ‘hard times’ was set during this time. Dickens uses many techniques throughout the novel to show his views on education to his readers, the first of which is to create different characters, some of which contrast each other in different ways . Two of such Characters are Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. They differ in the ways they have been taught and the ways they see the education system. Bitzer is a model student, he has always strictly followed the system and been taught exactly how the system requires him to be taught. He is shown as lifeless and colourless, ‘the boy was so light-eyed and light-haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed.’ This gives the effect that he has been drained of life and everything else but facts. When asked, Bitzer describes a Horse as a ‘Quadruped’ and ‘graminivorous’ and gives endless facts about the animal. Although this description is very factual and impressive, the use of long complex words and the amount of facts show that he has simply been taught these facts, and probably has never even seen a Horse. Sissy on the other hand does not understand how to factually define a Horse when asked, this is because she has been brought up with Horses all her life and they are too familiar and important to her just to be described in facts. This is one way that Dickens tries to show to his audience that this type of education is wrong, the teaching of bare facts limits the imagination of the student and a more practical way of teaching, like Sissy has had, would help the children understand the facts that they are being taught, instead of just learning them. Dickens also shows the characters of some of the staff at the school to make his views known. Mr Gradgrind is the first to be introduced, from the onset Dickens portrays him as ‘squared’ , both in his appearance and character, he reveals little about him apart from the fact he is rigid, and has little individuality. This is emphasized by the repletion of ‘square’ and ‘speaker’, and by this he is shown to

Identities and Cultures Essay

Everybody in the world is a unique person within themselves. We are all our own person and express the person we are through different forms. We also show who we are through identities and also through our culture that we are in. The identity we choose to have is up to us, so is the way that we express our identity. This was shown in our class through many different activities such as our YouTube list, reading, graffiti, movies, etc. As I stated earlier people convey their identities in many different ways, which makes conveying your identity so much more interesting, due to the fact you choose how to show the person you are however you want. We can also express our identity through different genres. Different genres call for different genre conventions, and the way we show our identity. I believe that all genres allow us to show the person that we are, but all of the different genres show who we are in different ways. Twitter allows us to display our opinions for others to see, Graffiti allows us to show the type of person we are through pictures, while YouTube allows us to show people who we are through sound. All of these genres depend on the culture or identity of the person presenting them. We saw a movie (Bend It Like Beckham) that displayed the Indian, and English cultures. We also saw graffiti in our reading that can show many different identities, and cultures. The cultures represented in genre convention all depend on the person who is presenting their work, or genre, to you. I presented my identity in many different ways to the class. I displayed my identity to the class through YouTube, and a Comic Strip, and communication with my peers also showed my identity. Outside of class I display my identity through social media networks such as Twitter. Through the process of making my presentations I did come through some small minor problems. When it came it to producing my comic strip  and YouTube video, the only problem was choosing a situation in which I should present to the class. After I choose what to do, the creation of my final product that represented my identity was very easy because I knew everything that happened. Personally, I don’t have a problem presenting these comic strips and Music Videos to the class because those are all part of who I am, and I have no problem with who I am. My presentations that I showed to the class were mostly through visuals, and communication. For my YouTube list I showed a song by Zac Brown Band featuring Jimmy Buffet called â€Å"Knee Deep†. It  is a country song that gives off a very relaxing vibe, and the relaxing mood is also shown in the video and lyrics. I choose that song because I believe that everybody needs to relax, and take it easy. Everybody deserves a break once in a while, and when that opportunity comes to relax, you should take advantage of it. For my comic strip I choose a situation I was in when I went to basketball camp at the University of Notre Dame. I was scared going into it because I didn’t know anybody else that was going. After a while of being with my team I was assigned to I wasn’t scared anymore because everybody I  was surrounded by was so friendly. This represented who I was because after that camp I realized that most people are friendly, it’s just the fact that they’re just as scared to talk to you as you are, and you just need to be who you are and everything will work itself out. For these pieces I addressed my peers as my audience due to the fact I knew I was going to be presenting these in my class with people are in the same age level as I am. When I was producing the products I was wondering what the people would think of my presentation. Not nesecarrily if they would like it because I don’t really care if they like  the presentation or not, but rather just overall what they thought of the experience I was presenting to them. Also when creating the presentations I was thinking about the people who helped shape the identity I became today such as friends, family, pets, coaches, etc. Those people are the reason I am the person I am today, and I also take credit to for being the person I am and having the identity I have because I am the person who has made the decisions I have made throughout my life that have helped to form my identity. Through the whole process I did feel disconnected from some of the material we studied. One of the assignments I felt disconnected from was the comic strip â€Å"Persepolis†. The reasoning behind the feeling of disconnect is due to the fact that I am neither a women, nor part of the culture that is represented in the comic strip. Also, the comic strip confused me a little. I think this because I was ignorant of the situation that her and her family were apart of. Also, I felt disconnect, and confusion initially when reading the script that was assigned for the movie â€Å"Bend It Like Beckham†. This was mainly due to confusion because the script jumped around a lot because it was a script for the trailer. I thought I was going to be disconnected from the movie too, due to the fact the main characters are different genders than I am, and they are also from a different culture than I am. I did find connection to my identity in the movie though through soccer because I have always had a great interest in sports. Soccer isn’t my favorite sport, but I still respect the game and enjoy watching the World Cup, and International games. My research process has basically been the same since the start of high school. I start out by getting all the materials I need or even think I might need when writing my paper. By doing this I eliminate writing a sentence stopping and looking for more info. In my opinion it’s quicker to gather all materials initially. After that I look through material to gather information that I might need for my presentation by highlighting the information or writing it down. After this I write my introductory paragraph. Once that is completed I then look at information that I will need for my first paragraph. Then I write my first body paragraph on all the information I choose from the materials that I found. This process is then repeated until my paper is ultimately complete. Of course then I will  read the paper a few more times to check for grammatical errors, and other mistakes. Other parts of my research process include listening to music. Music is big part of my writing because it helps me focus a lot. I love listening to Music, and do it all the time when walking to class, working out, homework, or sometimes when I have free time. Listening to music isn’t just a key part to writing papers. It is a key part in my identity and helps me express who I am to others. Overall this assignment and research that we have done in class has made me realize how much our identity actually means to us. Everyone is unique and has the exact same identity as another person. Everyone’s identity is unique which really makes it that more special. As much of a cliche it is, everyone really is unique in their own way, but in todays world some people’s identities aren’t acceptable in certain countries, and cultures. The world has seemed to have evolved into a place where only certain identities are accepted, but it shouldn’t be like that. We should be able to accept people for who they truly are and that is one of the main lessons that I have learned from this chapter on different cultures and identities.

Consumption patterns

This essay is geared towards analyzing an article that was done on the year 2001 concerning the increasing â€Å"Consumer Demand for Fruits and Vegetables: The U.S. Example.† The consumption pattern then could be seen to have increased over the years. It was in the article that several factors where enumerated with regards to the increasing demand for both fruits and vegetables among the citizen in the United States of America. It was then concluded that the demand could be seen as a pattern where other developing countries could have the same patterns in the long run. As could be implied in the article’s title, the author aims to reach a certain justification that given time, several countries would have an increase in the demand for fruits and vegetables.Consumer Demand for Fruits and Vegetables: The U.S. Example It could be gathered that this particular article is directed towards the behavioral pattern of the people in the United States. Ergo, it could be deduced th at most of the data gathered is much dedicated in the statistical aspect where the demand for fruits and vegetables had increased. It was said that the consumption of both fruits and vegetables had already been a part of the usual food consumption on the people of the country especially when it espouses a healthy lifestyle (Kurtzweil, 1997).It could be seen then that, over the years, food consumption patterned has increased especially when incomes had increased. It could be sensed here that as income increases, the buying of goods also increases, including that of fruits and vegetables aside from the other necessities. To further reinforce this assertion, it was studied that over the course of year 1961 and 1998, there had been a considerable increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetable on places where income had surely increased. However, those who had lower incomes had little or no difference when it comes to the consumption of the said goods.It would then be heir apparent that as the incomes of the people increased there is an extensive increase in buying goods. Suffice to say that this first reason would have given a reason for the increase in the consumption rates of the people. In connection to this, the main argument for this could be seen as such that most people were gearing towards the convenience of a product.Canned and processed fruits and vegetables then are getting popular. It would then be inferred that the supplies needed would increase since manufacturing these goods could take larger number of fruits or vegetable. Albeit, fresh fruits are still popular and they are aptly so since they are much convenient. Connecting this to the second reason, it could be seen that technological aspects had made the difference since packing and delivering goods could be made easy.However, this assertion could be further asserted by the third justification over the change in consumption pattern. In this aspect the concept of healthy living could be injec ted. It was said then that the people had a strong belief in going back to the healthy living lifestyle (Pollack, 2001). It seems that the household with older members in the family tend to purchase more fruits and vegetables. Age then becomes another big factor.The fourth assertion could be found that the availability of the goods has already increased. This increase in the availability could have been due to the imports from other countries. It could be seen here then that a â€Å"wide selection of products†¦Ã¢â‚¬  had been made available to American citizens that even if the fruits or vegetables are not produced for the season in the particular country, it could still be made available through importing and   trading (Pollack, 2001).As was mentioned above, improved technological aspect has paved the way for easier shipping and packing that some seasonal fruits could be made available in the United States. The trade business has also increased during this time that some p roducts that are not actually available in the country had made its way to American soil due to trade and imports. It seems that tropical produce had become popular among the people. Americans may be able to produce these tropical goods on some areas of the land but the demand for it is high that supplies are needed; hence trade and imports are needed.All these patterns if conjoined together could create a change in the demand for the said goods – fruits and vegetables. On the year 1997-99, it was said that the trend consumption of fruits and vegetables in the United States had been averaged as 741 pounds per person. It could be seen as 25 percent more than what was consumed during the year 1977-79. The increase was much focused on the fresh melon and processed potatoes. Either way, vegetables had been a forerunner when it comes to people’s favorites as compared to fruits in general. In fact, vegetable consumption has increased to 24 percent as compared to the 8 percen t consumption rate of fruits.After the mid-seventies, it could be argued that lesser people had become enamored with canned goods and are much inclined to purchasing fresher goods. It seems then that aside from the increase in percentage, a much wider variety of vegetables are now made available as some people are slowly creating certain variations in their consumption purchases. Examples of these vegetable diets are asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, onions, and lettuces, and many others. Of all the fruits, banana had become the most popular fresh fruit treat. However, this particular fruit is garnered through imports. Other examples of fruits that are popular are apples and oranges, also grapes, pears, and strawberries. Regardless of the increase in consumption rates, it would still not sufficient to claim that Americans are consuming the â€Å"recommended daily servings† for both fruits and vegetables.It could then be concluded that the demand for fruits and vegeta bles in the U.S has increased through several reasons: 1. Convenience might lead to larger demand for supplies, 2. Technological aspects makes it more convenient, 3. Health issues are being addressed, and 4. Availability of goods through imports and trade is rapidly growing. Also, these patterns could also be realized in other developing countries.References Kurtzweil, P. (1997). Fruits and Vegetables: Eating Your Way to 5 A Day.  Ã‚   Retrieved September 27, 2007, from http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/eating5-aday/297_five.htmlPollack, S. L. (2001). Consumer Demand for Fruits and Vegetables: The U.S. Example [Electronic Version]. Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade. Retrieved September 27, 2007.

John the Savage’s New World

Brave New World Essay In Brave New World, John the Savage willfully exiles himself from the reservation, where he was born and raised, in order to travel to the new world; because of his passion for learning and this twisted idea of becoming happy through his acceptance. Aloud Huxley has written a novel where the main character experiences a type of exile that is tragically unalienable while being beneficial.John's experiences in the world state were enriching; however, they were even more alienating and they ended up being so potent that it eventually pushed John to his early demise. John's exile was stimulating because of his discovery that truth and happiness are incompatible. He is faced with the idea that he will not be completely accepted by others because of how he is unlike anyone in the utopian society. His self-value was based on how others perceived him, his exile allowed him to see that his value should not be found in others.Upon their arrival to the World State, Bernard begins to parade John around to the other citizens in order to gain popularity. John recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself In he new world is fake, he decides that he â€Å"rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness† that Bernard has from his newfound social status (Huxley 179). John becomes disturbed by the culture; he begins to accept the fact that these people only want to meet him because of how different he Is from them.John's exile was educational and allowed him to see veracity; however, his outcast was even more destructive to him because of how It shatters his beliefs, the way It Isolates him from the citizens in the world state, how he feels that he was contaminated by their society, and overall It distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he Interpreted everything In Its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoin ts Is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John Is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy† and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he Is In fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240). John and Mustache have separate Ideas of what happiness Is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness Is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes In the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness Is found with the Individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new collocation Is systematically run. Brave New World portrays a society that has been designed for Idealistic happiness and not the Individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; a nd the lack of Independence In Huxley evolve strikes a certain fear of this kind of society Into the reader. Huxley society Is one that Is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral In this day and age.John the Savage's New World By griffin recognizes the fact that the imaginary happiness that he has created for himself in people only want to meet him because of how different he is from them. John's more destructive to him because of how it shatters his beliefs, the way it isolates him society, and overall it distances himself even further from anyone from either of his two worlds. His newfound perspective altered the manner he interpreted everything n its entirety and unfortunately his transformation of viewpoints is for the worse.In an argument with Mustache Mood, Mustache claims that John is â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' and John responds by defiantly agreeing with him and saying that he is in fact â€Å"claiming the right to be unhappy' (Huxley 240) . John and Mustache have separate ideas of what happiness is. Mustache thinks â€Å"happiness is a hard master – particularly other people's happiness† (Huxley 226). He chooses to pursue political power over scientific truth, Mustache genuinely believes in the system of the World State; he's not compromising his values, he's fighting for them.John, however, believes that happiness is found with the individual and he freely admits that he hates the way that this new civilization is systematically run. Portrays a society that has been designed for idealistic happiness and not the individual. Everyone values their own entity over their happiness, as John the Savage's exile enlightens the audience; and the lack of independence in Huxley novel strikes a certain fear of this kind of society into the reader. Huxley society is one that is constructed from standards that would not be deemed as moral in this

Recruitment and Selection Process

Referencing should be provided in Harvard Style referencing. The word count limit for this assignment is 2500 words excluding references. (Index is not required for this assignment). The assignments shou-ld be completed in Font Tlpe: Time New Roman with Size 12 and double spacing between lines. For Office Use Ouly Result Deliverer Internal Verifier Name & Signature Date -J#E+ E‚ ¬EgEl :ffis3 rysi! l tr ri : , † l,lorrorl. r'r†r,r Course: HNC/HND Diploma in Business Unit 14 Working with and Leading People Assessment Decision Form To be tilled in by the Assessors & Verifier Assessors CommentInternal VerifierJModerator Comment: Any Action to be taken By Assessor: Exam Board Committee (EBC) Review: fflE ir-:;-:;: i, r' Managerrre:nt large national you have recently been appointed io the Human Resource Department of a staff of non managerial retailer, with specific responsluility for recruitment assistant for its Bradford branch and you The company is wanting to recrui t a full,time sales advise the senior management team of have been asked to prepare all relevant-oocumentation, they must observe and take part in the any legal, regulatory'and ethical considerations ecruitment Process.TASK that you comprete and encrose the following: rn order to full meet this brief you shourd ensure 1 ‘Abriefstaiementfortheseniormanagementteamoutliningthediffere- ncesandmerits your recommendations for the processes with between internal and external recruitment most suitable method' 2. A Job description correct format and person specification for the Job using the They could include some or all of the following: Job description . Job title o Department and location of Post . Broad terms of Job o Responsible to whom .Scope of Post Education and qualifications r Name of compiler and approver . Date of issue Person specification . Job title and reference number . Essential and desirable attributes r Physical characteristics required r Attainments and qualificat ion . Previous experience . Generalintelligence . Special aptitudes r Temperament and Personality . Hobbies and interests . Personalcircumstances ffln Miuragern-ient TASK 2 You must produce a briefing sheet for the senior management team to guide them on aspects of law relating to recruitment and selection of candidates. This should include:Sex Discrimination Act 1995197 Race Relations Act 1992 Equal payAct 1970 Disability Discrimination Act 1997 and 2005 Employment Act 2002 National Minimum Wage (current levels) Data Protection Act 1998 Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) ‘Religion or Belief) (Amendment) Regulations 2007 Any other relevant Acts (if any) There should also be a section on ethical issues such as: asking candidates the same questions guidelines for interviewers who are related to candidates gender and ethnic balance on interview panels TASK 3In pairs you will be interviewing a prospective candidate who has submitt ed a completed application form. For this task you wili need to complete and enclose the following: 1. Prepare a list of questions 2. to ask the interviewee based on their completed application form. Conduct the interview and write a brief statement afterwards to analyse how you contributed to the selection process. What went well and what could have been improved? fflG In order to achieve Pass Grade Evidence on page Tasks staff To include Job description, person specification, interview questionsAssess the impact of legal, regulatory and ethical considerations tn the reernifment and seleetion orocess 5 Take part in the selection Process 4. Evaluate own contribution to the selection process All Tasks 1 – 4 should be completed In order to achieve Merit Grade Effective Judgements have been shown in tasks 1 -4 In order to achieve Distinction Grade A critical reflection is evicient on tasks 1-4 Assessor's Feedback on Outcome Criteria LO 1. t. z Assessment Criteria )repare documen tation to select and recruit a new member of staff assess the impact of legal, egulatory and ethical considerations to the recruitment Assessor's Comments take part in the selection process evaluate own contribution to tfre selection process lvlanzrgement Learning outcomes LOI recru itment, selection and retention Be able procedures Assessment criteria for pass The learner has to: 1. prepare documentation to select and recruit a new member of staff I-. 2 assess the impact of legal, regulatory and ethical considerations to the recruitment and selection process 1. 3 take part in the selection process 1. 4 evaluate own contribution to the selection process .

Intro Communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro Communication - Term Paper Example Language plays a considerable role in creating meanings of words. In every language, there are different sets of words and the rules for constructing sentences. Those rules also play their role in creating meanings of the sentences. For example, English-speaking people cannot understand the meanings of the words, which belong to some other language, such as, French language or Spanish language. They need to find the meanings of those words in their own language in order to understand those words. There is a very strong relationship between meanings and language. A person can understand the meanings of only those words, which belong either to his/her mother language or to a language to which the person is familiar. For effective communication to take place, the role of understandable language is very important. A person needs to have complete understanding of the language, which is to be used for communication. When scholars refer to language use as polysemous, they are actually referring to the use of those words, which have different meanings in different languages. Every language has its own set of vocabulary and standards, which play an important role in distinguishing the meanings of the words used in one language from their meanings in other languages. Understanding of polysemy is very important for effective communication to take place in real life situations (Alberts, Nakayama, and Martin). The reason is that there exist many words in almost every language, which have more than one meaning. So in order to know the real meaning of what the other person is speaking, the ability to distinguish between different meanings of the same words is very important. Some words have same spellings but produce different meanings. For example, an English word ‘bat’ has two meanings, which include a stick used to play cricket and an animal. Similarly, the word ‘pupil’ also has two

Analyzing and Comparing the Mise-en-scene of David O'Russel's Three Essay

Analyzing and Comparing the Mise-en-scene of David O'Russel's Three Kings to Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan - Essay Example David O’Russell knew the power of setting a story during the time of war, thus he came up with the most finely tuned, eccentrically conventional film Three Kings. Both Saving Private Ryan and Three Kings have effectively shown war in a resolute way that serves similar aims but achieves this in different manners. O’Russell’s Three Kings clearly uses the narrative device of an ethical story to relate the Gulf War’s moral lessons as well as to rewrite America’s ethical position over the people of Iraq through revising what was viewed as a moral defeat. The film tells a narrative of a gang of four U.S fighters on operations at the Gulf at the end of the dispute as they find out a map to one of the secrete bunkers of Saddam Hussein, containing huge amounts of Kuwait gold, and plan to steal it for their own gains. On the other hand, Steven Spielberg has been criticized for failing to employ narrative action basing on the moral and national purpose in his film Saving Private Ryan. This criticism can be understood in the perspective of the constraints placed on modern cinematic stories of war by the Vietnam syndrome (Andersen 193). Even though Three Kings is developed around a definitely American-based fictional plot, this film typically aims to bring in issues concerning Iraq and addresses it to a certain extent as the film develops. On the other hand, Saving Private Ryan tries to reillusion American national distinctiveness in the wake of Vietnam by presenting a more distant past. The specific ethical justification for starting war and admitting its sacrifices and horrors is found in ethical campaigns against the Nazi plot of Holocaust. Through stitching the Holocaust into the movie, the film takes part in ‘Americanization’ of a memory of Holocaust, avoids Vietnam as a source of distressing memory, produces a redemptive national uniqueness, and constructs a moral usable past in the present. In both films, the use of ima gery has been clearly utilized. Saving Private Ryan starts and ends with a shot of a flag that is faded and desaturated of color. The red colors have turned to pink, white to gray, and the blue colors have lost their color completely. The flag is transparent, moving forth and back in the centre of a cool dusk as the sunlight penetrates straight through it. The reason behind this is that the flag symbolizes a lost time and a fading generation. The American elites who fought to keep such banners were gone and the film was developed for their sake. Such features show that Saving Private Ryan may be the greatest film ever produced about horror and heroism in war situations. It shows how heroic conduct can be unusually difficult, impulsive, lucky, instinctive, and deliberate, all at once. In contrast, Three Kings had mixed receptions on its release. In general, reviews involved praise for technical elements of the film as well as criticism of the way the Gulf War was presented. In the Wa shington Post, Stephen Hunter claimed the style of the film had the feeling second to none, as it re-imagines the past war movie post-modernly. He further concludes that the film was ideologically unremarkable. Similarly, Three Kings uses some sort of imagery in the storyline. At the start of the scene, a discussion goes on between Major Gates and his Staff Sergeant, standing near a helicopter. The image of a helicopter was used as an icon in this film, though not frequently used outside the scene (Andersen 194). At the beginning, when a shot cuts through, it is obvious that the positioning of the characters is to enable the blade to remain at the heart of the screen, right between the